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Agaricus hondensis
''Agaricus hondensis'', commonly known as the felt-ringed agaricus, is a species of fungus in the family Agaricaceae. The species was officially described in 1912 by mycologist William Alphonso Murrill, along with three other ''Agaricus'' species that have since been placed in synonymy with ''A. hondensis''. Found in the Pacific Northwest region of North America, ''A. hondensis'' fruits in the fall under conifers or in mixed forests.
The fungus produces fruit bodies (mushrooms) with white to gray-brown caps up to in diameter covered with pale pinkish-brown scales that darken in age. The tightly-packed gills on the cap underside are initially white before becoming pinkish, lilac-gray, and finally brownish as the spores mature. The stout stipe is bulbous and has a thick, white, felt-like ring. The mushroom is poisonous, and causes severe gastrointestinal upset if consumed. It has an unpleasant odor similar to phenol or creosote, and develops a soapy-metallic taste when cooked. ''Agaricus hondensis'' can be distinguished from similar ''Agaricus'' species by differences in geographic range, habitat, staining reaction, and odor.
==Systematics==
The species was first described as new to science by American mycologist William Alphonso Murrill in 1912, based on collections he made in November, 1911 under Californian redwoods. In the same publication, Murrill also described the species ''Agaricus bivelatoides'', ''A. hillii'', and ''A. macmurphyi'', all from the Pacific Northwest region of North America. The latter two were named to honor their original collectors, Albert Hill and James Ira Wilson McMurphy, respectively, while the former was named for its resemblance to ''A. bivelatus''.〔 In 1944, Alexander H. Smith examined the type material of several of Murrill's species, and concluded that were no characters to separate ''A. hondensis'' from ''A. bivelatoides'', ''A. hillii'', or ''A. macmurphyi''. He also determined that Sanford Myron Zeller's ''A. glaber'', published as new in 1938,〔 was also the same species as ''A. hondensis''.〔 The nomenclatural database MycoBank considers these names synonymous.〔 The epithet ''hondensis'' refers to the type location, La Honda, California.〔 The mushroom is commonly known as the "felt-ringed agaricus".〔
''Agaricus hondensis'' has traditionally been classified in the section ''Xanthodermatei'', a grouping of ''Agaricus'' species related to ''A. xanthodermus'' that are characterized by fruit bodies with phenolic odors, temporary yellowing discolorations in some parts of the fruit body, a negative Schaeffer’s reaction, and toxicity. A molecular analysis has shown that it, along with the related species ''A. freirei'' and ''A. phaeolepidotus'', comprise a basal lineage in a clade of related sylvan species that have weak yellowing reactions and some tendencies toward reddish bruising reactions. This lineage is closely related to a group of ''Agaricus'' species that are typically placed in the section ''Sanguinolenti''. Phylogenetic evidence suggests that these three species belong to a clade that diverged shortly after the presumed split of the sections ''Xanthodermatei'' and ''Duploannulati''.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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